Mosquito Samples in Tulare County Test Positive for West Nile Virus
From ABC 50 Action News
May 26, 2023
Officials are asking residents to use insect repellent with DEET, wear long sleeves outdoors and drain any standing water.
Vector-Borne Bacterial Diseases: a Neglected Field of Infection Diseases Research
Laroche, M. and Weeks, E.N.I.
University of Texas, Galveston, TX and University of Florida, Gainseville.
Med. Vet. Entomol. 2023: 37: 177-178. DOI: 10.1111/mve.12646
Summary [VVBD Committee]: This short but interesting editorial reviews the bacteria transmitted by arthropods and concludes that although the burden of bacterial arthropod-borne bacterial diseases remains lower than the joint burden of parasitic and viral arthropod-borne diseases, there is an undeniable need to study these neglected pathogens. Significant gaps in their ecology, transmission pathogenesis still need to be filled.
Assessing the Influence of Climate on the Spatial Pattern of West Nile Virus Incidence in the United States
Morgan E. Gorris*, James T. Randerson, Shane R. Coffield, Kathleen K. Treseder, Charles S. Zender,
Chonggang Xu, and Carrie A. Manore
Environmental Health Perspectives 2023. Vol. 131, No 4. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10986
*Author email: mgorris@lanl.gov
Summary [by Vector and Vector-borne Disease committee]: Using human case report data from 2005 to 2019 and seasonally averaged climate variables, the authors developed a predictive module to estimate mean annual WNV incidence. They found that regions with dry and cold winters and wet and mild summers have higher WNV incidence rates. Among the climate variables considered, winter precipitation, fall precipitation, and winter temperature were the three most important predictive variables. The authors believe this model may be a tool to predict the future spatial extent of WNV risk related to climate change. They acknowledged that subregional patterns of WNV are likely to be strongly influenced by a series of environmental variables such as land use, vegetation coverage, and hydrology. Dry agriculture landscapes that require significant irrigation also will influence patterns of WNV incidence.
How drones in South Bay are combatting an expected heightened mosquito season
From ABC7
May 3, 2023
For the first time, drone technology is taking off to combat mosquitos in the South Bay after an unprecedented rainy winter.
Mosquito season just started and this week the Santa Clara Vector Control District will begin using drones to reduce the mosquito population.
Nayer Zahiri, the county’s Vector Control District manager, said other districts in the state are using it.
“As you see a lot of standing water, a lot of waters around and we want to make sure we are able to control the stages we can control before they become adults,” Zahiri said.
Fight the Bite: County to Drop Mosquito Larvicide in Local Waterways Next Week
From Times of San Diego
April 20, 2023
San Diego County will conduct its first larvicide drop of the year on up to 51 local waterways as part of a campaign to combat diseases spread by mosquitoes such as West Nile virus, it was announced Wednesday.
Aerial larvicide drops are carried out once a month between April and October each year, covering around 1,300 acres of mosquito breeding areas.
The routine helicopter drops will be conducted next Wednesday, and Thursday if necessary, according to a news release from the county.
County officials say the larvicide does not hurt people or pets.
Epidemic versus endemic West Nile virus dead bird surveillance in California: Changes in sensitivity and focus.
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
April 19, 2023
Leslie Foss*, Tina Feiszli, Vicki L. Kramer, William K. Reisen, Kerry Padgett.
*Leslie.Foss@cdph.ca.gov
PLoS ONE April 6, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284039
Abstract [condensed]
Since 2003, the California West Nile virus (WNV) dead bird surveillance program (DBSP) has monitored publicly reported dead birds for WNV surveillance and response. We examined DBSP data from the early epidemic years (2004–2006) with recent endemic years (2018–2020) to characterize changes in program operations, patterns of dead bird reports, and WNV prevalence among dead birds and their utility as early indicators of WNV activity. In recent years fewer agencies collected dead birds for testing, but updated protocols enhanced the efficiency of the program. The number of dead bird reports was approximately ten times lower during 2018–2020 compared to 2004–2006; reports from the Central Valley and parts of Southern California decreased the most. Dead corvid, sparrow, and quail reports decreased the most compared to other bird species reports. In the early years, WNV positive dead birds were the most frequent first indicators of WNV activity; in contrast, during 2018–2020 mosquitoes were the most frequent first indicators. Evidence for WNV impacts on avian populations and susceptibility are also discussed.
Note: Despite declines in the number of birds reported by the public, dead bird surveillance remains important to better understand changes in WNV ecology and adds critical data to a comprehensive environmental surveillance program.
This mosquito season could be worse than before after SoCal’s historic rainfall
From ABC 7
April 12, 2023
ORANGE COUNTY (KABC) — Southern California is still a couple months away from mosquito season, but this season could potentially be one of the worst because of all the rain to start the year.
However, the Orange County Mosquito and Vector Control District is being proactive.
Heather Hyland, director of communications for OC Vector, said spots that didn’t have standing water before may have some now.
“There’s areas due to the rain that are filling up that are producing more egg laying sites for mosquitos per usual,” Hyland said.
She said they’re seeing more mosquitoes in traps laid out to monitor their population.
Mosquito Awareness Week
Mosquito Awareness Week, observed April 16 – 22, 2023, educates California residents about mosquitoes and how to help prevent the spread of mosquito-transmitted diseases
Press Release
Social Media Graphics:
Invasive Aedes Toolkit
This invasive Aedes toolkit is designed to assist MVCAC members in their public education and outreach efforts.
Communities with Invasive AedesCommunities without Invasive Aedes
- Factsheet: English, Spanish
- Quickbites: English PDF, English PNG, Spanish PDF, Spanish PNG
- Social Media Graphics: English, Spanish
- Videos: English, Spanish
Communities without Invasive Aedes
- Factsheet: English, Spanish
- Quickbites: English PDF, English PNG, Spanish PDF, Spanish PNG
- Social Media Graphics: English, Spanish
- Videos: English, Spanish
A systematic review of published literature on mosquito control action thresholds across the world
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
April 5, 2023
Vindhya S. Aryaprema, Madeline R. Steck, Steven T. Peper, Rui-de Xue, Whitney A. Qualls*
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011173
Condensed abstract. Many different methods are used and new methods are evolving to control nuisance and vector mosquito populations across the world. Implementation of such control methods at the optimal time has been identified as critical to maintaining the populations below unacceptable levels. The establishment of evidenced-based action thresholds is encouraged to achieve maximum results under available resources. This review identified 87 publications: 30 reported originally generated thresholds, 13 inclusions reported a statistical method with a computable action threshold model, and 44 inclusions mentioned only previously generated thresholds. Overall, the inclusions with thresholds that were directly related to disease transmission conditions (“epidemiological thresholds”) outnumbered the inclusions with thresholds that were directly related to mosquito abundance (“entomological thresholds”). The majority of the thresholds originated in Asia targeting dengue and dengue vectors. The review discusses the associated surveillance characteristics such as the possibility of using external data (previously recorded data), spatial and temporal variations in data, and the importance of an adequate lead time to initiate control interventions that would help guide to plan better surveillance programs for the development of action thresholds.
Note: Paper could provide useful references for decisions on the control of invasive Aedes.
Will SoCal see more mosquitoes after all this rain? Officials urge residents to prepare now
From ABC7
March 29, 2023
DUARTE, Calif. (KABC) — With so much rain drenching Southern California this season, there is another pesky problem lurking around the corner: mosquitoes.
“It doesn’t take long for mosquitoes to go from the larva you see to full grown ones that’ll look for someone like you to sting,” said Pablo Cabrera with the San Gabriel Valley Mosquito & Vector Control District.
Dense vegetation and stagnant water allow mosquitoes to grow and hide. Just a small amount of water is all mosquito needs to lay their eggs and with the historic rainfall, residents are being asked to do three things: tip, toss and protect.
The San Gabriel Valley Vector Control District urges resident to tip out stagnant water weekly, toss any unused containers left outside that can collect stagnant water, and protect yourself with some sort of mosquito repellent.
Cabrera said the SGVMVCD hasn’t captured any adult mosquitoes at the moment, but once the dry, warmer weather hits, that will change.
‘Big concern’: Unusual mosquito season may be coming to California
From the San Francisco Gate
March 26, 2023
SACRAMENTO COUNTY, Calif. — It is that time of year: Mosquitoes are back.
The bad news? You’ll likely see more of them this season, and with more mosquitoes comes a higher risk of West Nile virus. The Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District says the ongoing wet winter storms across the region since New Year’s Eve weekend are to blame.
“I think the amount of water we’ve seen over the last month or so is definitely a big concern,” Gary Goodman, the district manager, told KCRA 3.
Health Experts Warn of Mosquitoes in Standing Water Following Recent Storms
From NBC Bay Area
March 24, 2023
As we just hit spring, experts say mosquitoes are already multiplying, taking advantage of all the recent flooding.
In Belmont, families can still see and smell the flood waters that have been inundating them all year.
The conditions and all the standing water found around the bay area are a concern for The San Mateo County Vector Control Department who said, they’ve had more mosquito related requests than usual in the past few months.
In a statement. they wrote they anticipate water will continue to stand in many locations into the warmer month, so their acting now, regularly checking 40,000 sites throughout the county to prevent a large mosquito population and the viruses that come with them.
The county added they’re also working closely with communities prone to flooding by checking their crawlspaces something they recommend all families should do in case of any standing water.
2023 International Branch Virtual Symposium Program Now Available
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
March 22, 2023
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The online program for the 2023 International Branch Virtual Symposium now available! Check out the program and start planning your schedule. Plus, register now for FREE! Registration is free for ESA members and non-members alike. Spread the word and build excitement for insect science. Register now, review the program, and learn more about the plenary speakers below. April 24: Climate Change and Its Impact on Biological Control April 25: Endangered Species, Diversity/Taxonomy, Pest Management, and Social Insects April 26: Virus Vector Interaction |
Note: The program is only available after registration for non-members.
Why Sacramento Valley experts believe you will see (and feel) more mosquitoes this season
From KCRA 3
March 22, 2023
It is that time of year in the Sacramento Valley: mosquitoes are back.
The bad news? You’ll likely see more of them this season, and with more mosquitoes comes a higher risk of West Nile virus.
The Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District says the ongoing wet winter storms across the region since New Year’s Eve weekend are to blame.
“I think the amount of water we’ve seen over the last month or so is definitely a big concern,” Gary Goodman, the district manager, told KCRA 3.
He says standing water is the issue, especially in many places that haven’t seen a lot of water over recent years due to the drought, and believes we will have higher mosquito populations by the summer.
“We are anticipating a much busier year from an abundance standpoint and a [West Nile] virus standpoint,” Goodman said.
The main places of concern are agricultural areas and around rivers, creeks, and streams.
Kretschmer M, Collins J, Dale AP, et al. Notes From the Field: First Evidence of Locally Acquired Dengue Virus Infection — Maricopa County, Arizona, November 2022
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
March 20, 2023
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:290–291. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7211a5
A Maricopa County, Arizona resident was hospitalized with Dengue-like symptoms on October 19, 2022 after brief travel to Mexicali, Mexico 7 days prior. RT-PCR testing was positive for dengue virus (DENV). Twenty-one mosquito pools within 5 miles of patient’s residence were tested retrospectively. One pool collected on October 5 tested positive for DENV. Whole genome sequencing identified both to be a DENV-3 strain not closely related to known strains in the area of travel. Preexisting response plans were activated and residences within a 150-meter radius were canvassed and residents interviewed. Twelve residents reporting recent Dengue-like symptoms were tested, all of which were negative by RT-PCR. Antibody testing of one of 53 resident without travel history was positive for Dengue antibodies, which were confirmed as DENV-3 by plaque reduction neutralization assay. Retrospective testing of 4,299 mosquito pools were negative. Aedes aegypti collected in BG-Sentinel traps were negative for DENV. The outbreak (2 cases) was declared over on January 4, 2023, following >45 days without additional cases.
Note: This outbreak provides a case study of a local DENV outbreak in a new area and shows the benefits of having a preexisting response plan in the event of local transmission of an Aedes aegypti transmitted virus.
Recovery of western black-legged tick and vertebrate populations after a destructive wildfire in an intensively-studied woodland in northern California
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
March 20, 2023
Pascoe, EL et al.
- Journal of Vector Ecology, https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.19
Condensed abstract:
In 2018, the River Fire burned a forest in the far-western U.S.A. where the ecology of tick-borne pathogens had been studied for decades. Forest structure, avifauna, large and small mammals, lizards, ticks, and tick-borne pathogens were assessed after the wildfire in 2019 and 2020. Burning reduced canopy cover and eliminated the layer of thick leaf litter that hosted free-living ticks, which over time was replaced by forbs and grasses. Tick abundance and the vertebrate host community changed dramatically. Assays for pathogens found no B. miyamotoi in either questing or host-feeding ticks, A. phagocytophilum DNA in 4% (1/23) in 2019, and 17% (29/173) in 2020 for questing and host-feeding ticks combined, and B. burgdorferi DNA in just 1% of all ticks collected in 2020 (2/173).Authors concluded that a moderately severe wildfire can have dramatic impacts on the ecology of tick-borne pathogens, with changes posited to continue for multiple years.
Larvicidal evaluation of two novel cationic gemini surfactants against the potential vector of West Nile virus Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
March 8, 2023
DR Abdel-Haleem, EE Badr, AM Samy, SA Baker
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12645
Condensed Abstract:
Novel cationic gemini surfactants were synthesized to assess their insecticidal activities using laboratory and field strains larvae of Culex pipiens L. in comparison to clove oil and spinosad. The two surfactants G1 and G2 showed good insecticidal activities against the laboratory strain with LC50 0.013 and 0.054 ppm, respectively, relative to spinosad with LC50 0.027 ppm, 48 h posttreatment. Although spinosad showed high efficiency against lab strain, it exhibited a high resistance ratio (RR) of 15.1 and 13.1 toward the field strain at 24 and 48 h posttreatment, respectively. The two gemini surfactants have a good safety profile and low RR (RR <5). The results of this study are promising in terms of developing novel, effective, affordable, and safe approaches for mosquito control.
Notes: Use of similar products is not new, but this work provides perhaps a useful alternative.
Ticks thrive in Northern California climate. Here’s where they like to hide
From the Sacramento Bee
March 7, 2023
As spring rolls in and temperatures warm, hiking one of Northern California’s many trails is an obvious activity to indulge, but it’s important to be wary of ticks.
The eight-legged arachnids are most active in warmer months, and the parasites thrive in humid and rainy environments, which increase tick populations and risk of Lyme disease.
The Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District performs routine tests at Sacramento and Yolo county hiking trails. In Sacramento County, it has 15 testing sites. The Vector Control District has been testing along the American River, starting at Ancil Hoffman to Folsom Zoo.
New tools urgently needed to protect Californians from mosquito-transmitted diseases
From the Capitol Weekly
February 24, 2023
BY BY WAKOLI WEKESA, PhD
POSTED 02.24.2023
OPINION – Mosquito and vector control districts are on the front lines each day working to protect Californians from debilitating and deadly mosquito-transmitted diseases.
Invasive Aedes mosquitoes, which can transmit viruses that cause Zika, dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever, pose significant challenges. First detected in California in 2013, these invasive mosquitoes are now in 25 counties throughout the state from San Diego to Shasta and are very hard to control. Districts urgently need new tools that can help them immediately fight back.
In the past 10 years, no new tools have been approved in our state to assist mosquito control districts in fighting the spread of invasive Aedes mosquitoes. Unfortunately, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) is not demonstrating a sense of urgency to support research necessary to develop new tools to fight this difficult and expensive uphill battle. The timeframe it takes for disease-spreading mosquitoes to invade new regions is not in line with current regulatory standards for approval and such delays put our state very far behind.
While there has not yet been local transmission of Zika, dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever in California, the question is not if, but when. Looking at last year alone, the border state of Sonora, Mexico had more than 9,000 cases with 91 people dying from dengue in 2022 and while 750 Floridians acquired dengue while traveling, 57 people were infected at home because the mosquitoes that can transmit the virus are in their neighborhoods.
Spatiotemporal distribution of vector mosquito species and areas at risk for arbovirus transmission in Maricopa County, Arizona
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
February 22, 2023
Wilke, Andre B.B., et al. Email: andwilke@iu.edu
- Acta Tropica, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106833
Condensed abstract:
This study determined the spatiotemporal distribution of vector mosquito species abundance in Maricopa County, AZ from 2011 to 2021, and identified ‘hotspot’ areas for West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis Encephalitis virus (SLEV) transmission during the epidemic of 2021. High levels of heterogeneity were detected in the risk of WNV and SLEV transmission to humans disregarding trap geographical proximity. The authors did not relate their analyses to epidemiological data, but the vector index as well as abundance patterns showed overlap with human population density. The authors concluded that the well-defined species-specific spatiotemporal and geographical patterns could be used to inform vector control operations.
Note: This study analyzed the patterns of mosquito and virus distribution during the extremely high West Nile season of 2021 and placed these results into historical context of previous surveillance. An earlier version of this publication can be read free of cost: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/12/05/2022.07.28.501907.full.pdf.
San Diego rain season brings moisture and mosquitos
From CBS 8
February 13, 2023
SAN DIEGO — This rainy season has brought much-needed precipitation to California, helping everything grow, including pests like mosquitoes.
San Diego has about two dozen native Mosquitoes, but it’s a non-native that has Chris Conlan, the Supervising Vector Ecologist with the County of San Diego, most concerned.
“One, in particular, is called Aedes aegypti, also known as the Yellow Fever Mosquitoes; it’s a very small Mosquito,” Conlan said.
These Mosquitoes need very little water to multiply, according to Conlan.
“It’s very good at developing very small sources of standing water. Plant saucers, small cups, even bottle caps would be enough to breed a few Mosquitoes,” Conlan said.
Semi-field and surveillance data define the natural diapause timeline for Culex pipiens across the United States
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
February 8, 2023
Field, E.N., Shepard, J.J., Clifton, M.E. et al. Semi-field and surveillance data define the natural diapause timeline for Culex pipiens across the United States. Commun Biol 5, 1300 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-04276-x
Abstract:
Reproductive diapause serves as biological mechanism for many insects, including the mosquito Culex pipiens, to overwinter in temperate climates. While Cx. pipiens diapause has been well-studied in the laboratory, the timing and environmental signals that promote diapause under natural conditions are less understood. In this study, we examine laboratory, semi-field, and mosquito surveillance data to define the approximate timeline and seasonal conditions that contribute to Cx. pipiens diapause across the United States. While confirming integral roles of temperature and photoperiod in diapause induction, we also demonstrate the influence of latitude, elevation, and mosquito population genetics in shaping Cx. pipiens diapause incidence across the country. Coinciding with the cessation of WNV activity, these data can have important implications for mosquito control, where targeted efforts prior to diapause induction can decrease mosquito populations and WNV overwintering to reduce mosquito-borne disease incidence the following season.
Note: This article highlights the importance of the roles of both short day lengths as well as temperature in inducing diapause in Culex pipiens. Comparisons were also made between the diapause timelines of Cx. pipiens in different geographical locations throughout the US and the influence of contributing variables such as latitude, elevation, and population genetics.
Diel activity patterns of vector mosquito species in the urban environment: Implications for vector control strategies
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
February 8, 2023
Wilke ABB, Mhlanga A, Kummer AG, Vasquez C, Moreno M, Petrie WD, et al. (2023) PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17(1): e0011074. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011074
Abstract:
Mathematical models have been widely used to study vector mosquitoes as well as to test the effectiveness of arbovirus outbreak response and mosquito control strategies. However, due to the lack of empirical data, there are no studies focusing on the effectiveness of adulticide applications at different hours of the day to control different mosquito populations. This study leveraged a unique dataset in which approximately 25,000 mosquitoes comprising 19 species were collected hourly in Miami-Dade County, Florida, and Brownsville, Texas. We then developed a mathematical model to simulate the population dynamics of five mosquito vector species to evaluate the effectiveness of adulticide spraying at different times of the day and at different frequencies. Mosquito community composition and abundance varied significantly throughout the day in both Brownsville and Miami-Dade County with more than 10-fold differences during the day. Depending on the target vector species, the application of adulticides at a given hour of the day may lead to drastically different results, although we found some common patterns such as the remarkable effectiveness of interventions performed at 9 PM.
Note: In this open access publication, the authors showed the activity of different urban mosquito species in a 24-hour period and used mathematical models to determine the best time for conducting adulticide applications for each species. The authors noted an overlap in activity between invasive Aedes spp. and Culex spp. at 9 PM, suggesting this as the most effective time for adulticide treatments targeting both invasive Aedes spp. and WNV vectors.
Bay Area ticks pose threat after recent storms
From the Mercury News
February 3, 2023
With Marin residents taking advantage of the clear weather following recent storms, so are the ticks that carry bacteria that can cause Lyme disease and other illnesses.
Marin is among the counties in California with the highest prevalence of ticks carrying Lyme disease, said Linda Giampa, executive director of the Bay Area Lyme Foundation. The small, blood-sucking arachnids prefer moist, foggy areas in the grasslands and chaparral.
Tick season is basically year-round in Marin, but the most activity occurs from October through July, according to the Marin/Sonoma Mosquito and Vector Control District. It is around February and March that young ticks, known as nymphs, are beginning to come out — especially after rain — and search for an animal or human leg to hop on for a meal.
A new AI tool can predict mosquitoes’ ages with 98% accuracy to speed malaria research
From Phys.org
January 25, 2023
Using machine learning techniques to predict the age of mosquitoes from different populations could reduce turnaround time for malaria research and improve surveillance programs, says a new study published in BMC Bioinformatics.
Knowledge of a mosquito’s age helps scientists to understand its potential to spread malaria, but the existing tools used for predicting this are costly, labor-intensive and often prone to human errors, the researchers say.
According to the World Health Organization, the African region accounted for about 95 percent of the 247 million cases of malaria globally in 2021, and scientists say the adoption of innovative tools to control mosquitoes and prevent the spread of malaria is key to eliminating the disease.
Evaluation of an open forecasting challenge to assess skill of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease prediction
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
January 19, 2023
Evaluation of an open forecasting challenge to assess skill of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease prediction.
Holcomb, Karen M., et al. Centers for Disease Control, Email: kholcolb@cdc.gov
- Parasites & Vectors https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05630-y
Condensed abstract:
This study used forecasting models submitted to the 2020 WNV Forecasting Challenge, an open challenge organized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to assess the status of WNV neuroinvasive disease (WNND) prediction and identify avenues for improvement. Researchers performed a multi-model comparative assessment of probabilistic forecasts submitted by 15 teams for annual WNND cases in US counties for 2020 and assessed forecast accuracy, calibration, and discriminatory power. Results showed that simple models based on historical WNND cases generally scored better than more complex models and combined higher discriminatory power with better calibration of uncertainty. Among models using additional data, inclusion of climate or human demographic data was associated with higher skill, while inclusion of mosquito or land use data was associated with lower skill. Although opportunities might exist to specifically improve predictions for areas with large populations and low or high winter temperatures, areas with high case-count variability are intrinsically more difficult to predict. Further improvements to prediction could be obtained with improved calibration of forecast uncertainty and access to real-time data streams (e.g., current weather and preliminary human cases).
Note: This study presents an analysis of a challenge to predict the number of cases of WNV neuroinvasive disease in 2020 across all US counties and discusses the difficulties of creating a nationwide model.
Tick and mosquito bite prevention: results from focus groups with at-risk audiences
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
January 17, 2023
From: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene News
CDC Division of Vector-borne Diseases
Note: These two pages summarize surveys of the behaviors of 7 at-risk audiences focusing on which Personal Protective Behaviors they would likely use. It also ranked the Communication and Media Channel preferences.
Single Mowing Event Does Not Reduce Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) on Recreational Hiking Trails
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
January 13, 2023
Lee,X., et al. 2023. J. Med. Entomol. 60: 22. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjac164
Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, WI 53706. Email: xlee1@wisc.edu
Abstract [condensed]: Mowing vegetation is a recommended method to control ticks, but few studies have evaluated the efficacy of this practice. This study determined if a single mowing event could reduce the abundance of host-seeking ticks on recreational trails. The authors encountered a total of 3,456 ticks (2,459 Ixodes scapularis Say and 997 Dermacentor variabilis L.) during the 7-week study period. There were no significant differences in the abundance of I. scapularis (adults) or D. variabilis (adults only) between control and mown trail sections. Mowing was a significant predictor of nymphal I. scapularis abundance, but trended towards more ticks in mown sections compared to controls. These results suggest that a single mowing intervention during early June is likely to be ineffective as a strategy to reduce the risk of human contacts with ticks on trails.
Note: Vegetation was mowed to a height of 8 cm, but this did not appear to reduce the numbers of ticks that could be sampled by dragging, indicating there potentially was no impact on the risk of tick attachment.
Evidence of Permethrin Resistance and Fipronil Tolerance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sl (Acari: Ixodidae) Populations From Florida and California
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
January 10, 2023
Tian,Y., et al. University of Florida. Email: yuexun1220@gmail.com
- Journal of Medical Entomology https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjac185
Abstract [condensed]:
Three Ripicephalus sanguineus s.l. (brown dog tick) strains, one from a laboratory colony (NC) and two from colonies originally collected from Florida (FL) and California (CA), were evaluated for resistance against permethrin and fipronil. Metabolic detoxification mechanisms were evaluated in the FL strain using three synergists, and a polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect a resistance mutation in all strains. The NC strain was susceptible to both permethrin and fipronil, whereas both the FL and CA strains exhibited high resistance to permethrin and tolerance to fipronil. The synergist tests and PCR results indicated that the FL strain utilized both metabolic resistance and target site insensitivity against permethrin, whereas the CA strain was documented to have the target-site insensitivity resistant allele. Fipronil resistance was not detected suggesting this acaricide may provide suitable tick control.
Note: This study provides evidence of permethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, including a colony originating from Imperial County, CA. Results indicated that fibronil would be a more effective treatment for these populations.
Studies identify new strategies for insect control
From UC Riverside News
January 9, 2023
Mosquitoes spread several diseases, such as malaria and dengue. In 2020 about 241 million cases of malaria occurred worldwide, with a few more million cases occurring in 2021. Nearly half the world’s population lives in regions where contracting dengue virus is a risk. Insects also destroy a third of agriculture.
New research by scientists at the University of California, Riverside, has potential in insect control through volatile repellents that could be applied on surfaces such as windowsills, eaves of huts, house entryways, backyards, outside produce storage areas, entryways of livestock shelters, and next to crops in a field.
The researchers focused on ammonia, a basic volatile compound found in insect environments. At low concentrations, such as in human sweat, ammonia is an attractant for mosquitoes and other insects. At high concentrations, however, for example the concentrations found in household cleaners, ammonia is no longer attractive to insects. The researchers inquired into what happens to the olfactory (smell) system and gustatory (taste) system of fruit flies and mosquitoes in the presence of ammonia.
Thiamine (vitamin B1) as an insect repellent: a scoping review
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
December 21, 2022
Shelomi, M. [email: mshelomi@ntus.edu.tw]. Bull. Entomol. Res.
Summary: Entomol. Today. https://entomologytoday.org/2022/11/21/vitamin-b1-not-mosquito-repellent/
Note: After reviewing over 100 papers written over 80 years, the authors concludes: “oral mosquito repellents do not work”. His paper addresses two questions: “So, where did this idea come from, and why won’t it go away?”. Seems this paper would be useful information to answer constituent inquiries about alternatives to DEET and other surface repellents to prevent mosquito bites.
Comments Sought for National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases
In 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention circulated the National Public Health Framework for the Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases in Humans. Using the five goals and 19 strategic priorities developed using the framework, on November 21 the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released a request for information soliciting comments and suggestions from stakeholders for the development of a new National Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases. The proposed strategy details the federal government’s priorities for addressing both current and potential future vector-borne disease threats. Submit comments and suggestions electronically by December 21.
Assessment of Truck-Mounted Area-Wide S-methoprene Applications to Manage West Nile Virus Vector Species in the Suburbs of Chicago, IL, USA
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
December 13, 2022
HE Johnson1, M Clifton2, JE Harbison3, A Erkapic2, GA Barrett-Wilt4, S Paskewitz5, L Bartholomay1 [e-mail: lbartholomay@wisc.edu]. 1Dept Pathobiological Sciences, Univ Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 2North Shore Mosq Abatement Dist, Northfield, IL, 3Loyola Univ Chicago, Maywood, IL, 4Biotech Center, Univ Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 5Dept Entomology, Univ Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
J. Med. Entomol. 2022 https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjac170
Note: This study revealed the impact of ULV truck-mounted Altosid SR-20 [20% s-methoprene] applications in an open field and a suburban neighborhood. Using emergence assays, the open field applications indicated that methoprene was effective against Culex pipiens for up to 53 m from the truck route. The neighborhood applications appeared to reach the front and back yards; however, adult Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans abundance was not decreased based on the trap collections. This study highlighted the challenges of conducting a successful neighborhood application and the impact that lower susceptibility of wild strains may play in efficacy.
Independent evaluation of Wolbachia infected male mosquito releases for control of Aedes aegypti in Harris County, Texas, using a Bayesian abundance estimator
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
December 7, 2022
S Lozano [nkq3@cdc.gov] et al. PLoS NTD Nov 14, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010907
Abstract [condensed]. We evaluated the effect of releases of Wolbachia infected Ae. aegypti males on populations of wild Ae. aegypti in the metropolitan area of Houston, TX. Releases were conducted by the company MosquitoMate, Inc. To estimate mosquito population reduction, we used a mosquito abundance Bayesian hierarchical estimator that accounted for inefficient trapping. In this experiment we found a reduction of 93% after six weeks of continual releases. A similar result was reported by Verily Life Sciences, 96%, in releases made in Fresno, CA.
Note: This and similar evaluations continue to indicate that genetic methods can show a reduction in Ae. aegypti populations, although none have resulted in extinction.
Comparing Satellite and Ground-Based Measurements of Environmental Suitability for Vector Mosquitoes in an Urban Landscape
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
December 7, 2022
A McMahon, CMB Franca, MC Wimberly [email: mcwimberly@ou.edu]. Journal of Medical Entomology 59: 1936–1946, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjac145.
Abstract [condensed]
We investigated how land cover and climate influenced abundances of Ae. albopictus (Skuse) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say) in Norman, Oklahoma. From June–October 2019 and May–October 2020 we sampled mosquitoes along an urban-rural gradient using CO2 baited BG Sentinel traps. We compared statistical models of abundance based on microclimate, satellite, weather station, and land cover data. Mosquitoes were more abundant on trap days with higher temperature and relative humidity. Rainfall 2 wk prior to the trap day negatively affected mosquito abundances. Impervious surface cover was positively associated with Cx. quinquefasciatus and tree cover was negatively associated with Ae. albopictus. Among the data sources, models based on satellite variables and land cover data had the best fits.
Note: Methods such as these may be useful for planning surveillance sampling and perhaps even control operations in urban areas.
A new species of tick, Ixodes (Ixodes) mojavensis (Acari: Ixodidae), from the Amargosa Valley of California
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
December 1, 2022
LH Backus, JE Foley et al. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 13(6):102020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102020
Abstract [condensed]
Ixodes (Ixodes) mojavensis, n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), is described from all parasitic stages collected from the endangered vole Microtus californicus scirpensis Bailey, 1900 (Rodentia: Cricetidae), Mus musculus L. 1758 (Rodentia: Muridae), and Reithrodontomys megalotis (Baird; 1857) (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in the Amargosa Valley of California. When first collected in 2014, this tick was tentatively identified as Ixodes minor Neumann, 1902 because the nucleotide similarity between its 16S rDNA sequence and a homologous GenBank sequence from an I. minor from the eastern U.S. was 99.51%. Nevertheless, adults of I. mojavensis differ morphologically from I. minor by hypostomal dentition, absence of a spur on palpal segment I, and punctation patterns; nymphs by the shapes of basis capituli, auriculae, cervical grooves and external files of hypostomal denticles; and larvae by the length of idiosomal setae and hypostomal dentition. DNA sequencing of fragments of 4 different genes shows that the mitochondrial gene sequences are almost identical to the I. minor homologous genes. Phylogenetically, the two species do not cluster in mutually exclusive monophyletic clades.
Note: Ixodes mojavensis has only been collected from the Amargosa and Owens Valleys in California where it was found infected with a bacteria related to the non-pathogenic spirochete Borrelia carolinensis. The vector potential of I.mojavensis for human disease is currently unknown.
Special Collection: Highlights of Medical, Urban and Veterinary Entomology. Highlights in Medical Entomology, 2021
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
December 1, 2022
A Gloria-Soria. [email:andrea.gloria-soria@ct.gov]. Journal of Medical Entomology 59: 1853–1860, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjac063
Abstract [condensed]. Here, I reflect on parallels between control of Covid-19 and vector-borne disease control, discuss the advantages and caveats of using new genotyping technologies for the study of invasive species, and proceed to highlight papers that were published between 2020 and 2021 with a focus on those related to mosquito surveillance and population genetics of mosquito vectors.
Note: In the open access publication, the author thoroughly describes the evolution of genetic methods used to track invasive species and summarizes the immigration of new mosquito species into the USA during the previous few years.
Interactions between vector competence to chikungunya virus and resistance to deltamethrin in Aedes aegypti laboratory lines?
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
November 15, 2022
Lanjiao Wang1| Albin Fontaine2,3| Pascal Gaborit1| Amandine Guidez1|Jean Issaly1| Romain Girod1| Mirdad Kazanji4| Dominique Rousset5|Marco Vignuzzi6| Yanouk Epelboin1| Isabelle Dusfour1
1Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne. 2 Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France. 3Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille. 5Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France. 6Unité des Populations Virales et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris cedex 15, France
Medical and Veterinary Entomology 36: 486-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12593
Authors’ Abstract. The urban mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, is the main vector of arboviruses worldwide. Mosquito control with insecticides is the most prevalent method for preventing transmission in the absence of effective vaccines and available treatments; however, the extensive use of insecticides has led to the development of resistance in mosquito populations throughout the world, and the number of epidemics caused by arboviruses has increased. Three mosquito lines with different resistance profiles to deltamethrin were isolated in French Guiana, including one with the I1016 knock-down resistant allele. Significant differences were observed in the cumulative proportion of mosquitoes with a disseminated chikungunya virus infection over time across these lines. In addition, some genes related to resistance (CYP6BB2,CYP6N12,GST2,trypsin) were variably over expressed in the midgut at 7 days after an infectious bloodmeal in these three lines. Our work shows that vector competence for chikungunya virus varied between Ae. aegypti laboratory lines with different deltamethrin resistance profiles. More accurate verification of the functional association between insecticide resistance and vector competence remains to be demonstrated.
Note: This and related studies provide some evidence that selection for insecticide resistance also may alter the vector competence of the mosquito. Although California has been monitoring insecticide resistance, less research has been done on the consequences of this resistance on arbovirus transmission.
Disease-spreading mosquito could be coming soon
From the Monterey Herald
November 14, 2022
PAJARO VALLEY – From the lip of an overturned bottle cap, an Aedes aegypti mosquito — striped like a zebra — deposits eggs into the tiny puddle within.
The eggs may dry out for up to eight months. They may weather winter nights in the meager shelter of a garage. And yet, as soon as water rehydrates them, they will hatch into adults capable of spreading dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever.
Though none of these viruses are currently transmitted in California, the mosquito has arrived in Santa Cruz County. Officials still see a path to temporary eradication, but if the experiences of scientists and other counties hold any lessons, A. aegypti may prove impossible to keep out indefinitely.
The mosquito has yet to show up in Monterey County, which recorded its most recent dengue and Zika cases in 2019 and 2017, respectively. But with only four technicians, Monterey’s Mosquito Abatement District would have a tough time checking yards and setting traps for invasions across the county — making prevention paramount.
Death from West Nile virus reported in Santa Clara County
From Palo Alto Online
November 3, 2022
A Santa Clara County resident has died from West Nile virus after a long illness, public health officials said Wednesday.
The person lives in Santa Clara County but was infected by the virus elsewhere in the greater San Francisco Bay Area, according to the Santa Clara County Department of Public Health.
No other details about the death were released in a brief statement posted Wednesday on the Santa Clara County Department of Public Health website.
As of Oct. 27, seven deaths from West Nile virus had been reported in California this year, according to the California Department of Public Health.
Invasive mosquitoes could unravel malaria progress in Africa
From ABC News
November 1, 2022
LONDON — Scientists say an invasive mosquito species was likely responsible for a large malaria outbreak in Ethiopia earlier this year, a finding that experts called a worrying sign that progress against the disease is at risk of unraveling.
The mosquito species, known as Anopheles stephensi, has mostly been seen in India and the Persian Gulf. In 2012, it was discovered in Djibouti and it has since been found in Sudan, Somalia, Yemen and Nigeria. The mosquitoes are suspected to be behind a recent rise in malaria in Djibouti, prompting the World Health Organization to try to stop the insects from spreading further in Africa.
On Tuesday, malaria scientist Fitsum Tadesse presented research at a meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine in Seattle, suggesting that the invasive mosquitoes were also responsible for an outbreak in Ethiopia.
Bird species define the relationship between West Nile viremia and infectiousness to Culex pipiens mosquitoes
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
November 1, 2022
Bird species define the relationship between West Nile viremia and infectiousness to Culex pipiens mosquitoes. 2022. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(10): e0010835. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010835
Vaughan JA, Newman RA, Turell MJ
Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota. and VectorID LLC, Frederick, Maryland
Author’s Abstract. The transmission cycle of West Nile virus (WNV) involves multiple species of birds. The relative importance of various bird species to the overall transmission is often inferred from the level and duration of viremia that they experience upon infection. Reports utilizing in vitro feeding techniques suggest that the source and condition of blood in which arboviruses are fed to mosquitoes can significantly alter the infectiousness of arbovirus to mosquitoes. We confirmed this using live hosts. A series of mosquito feedings with Culex pipiens was conducted on WNV-infected American robins and common grackles over a range of viremias. Mosquitoes were assayed individually by plaque assay for WNV at 3 to 7 days after feeding. At equivalent viremia, robins always infected more mosquitoes than did grackles. We conclude that the infectiousness of viremic birds cannot always be deduced from viremia alone. If information concerning the infectiousness of a particular bird species is important, such information is best acquired by feeding mosquitoes directly on experimentally infected individuals of that species.
Note: Although not presented here, the robins and grackles used in this study were infected by different blood parasites but these apparently did not result in differences in WNV dissemination in Culex pipiens (Vaughan et al. 2021. J. Med. Entoml. 58: 1389). If confirmed and universal, the data presented here complicate the current models of arboviral host competence.
Host selection and forage ratio in West Nile virus–transmitting Culex mosquitoes: Challenges and knowledge gaps
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
November 1, 2022
Host selection and forage ratio in West Nile virus–transmitting Culex mosquitoes: Challenges and knowledge gaps. 2022. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(10): e0010819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010819
Riccetti N, Fasano A, Ferraccioli F, Gomez-Ramirez J, Stilianakis NI
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra (VA), Italy, Department of Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
Author’s Abstract [Shortened]
Background. Whereas mosquitoes’ intrinsic characteristics cause them to favour certain hosts (host preference), absolute selection is impossible in natural settings. Conversely, the selection carried out among available hosts and influenced from hosts’ availability and other ecological/environmental factors is defined as host selection.
Methodology/Principal findings. In July 2022, we searched PubMed database for original articles exploring host selection among WNV-transmitting Culex mosquitoes, the main WNV vector. We considered only original field studies estimating and reporting forage ratio. This index results from the ratio between the proportion of blood meals taken by mosquitoes on potential host species and the hosts’ relative abundance. From the originally retrieved 585 articles, 9 matched the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. All but one of the included studies were conducted in the Americas, six in the United States, and one each in Mexico and Colombia. The remaining study was conducted in Italy. American Robin, Northern Cardinal, and House Finch were the most significantly preferred birds in the Americas, Common Blackbird in Italy.
Conclusions/Significance. Although ornithophilic, all observed WNV-transmitting mosquitoes presented opportunistic feeding behaviour. All the observed species showed potential to act as bridges for zoonotic diseases, feeding also on humans. All the observed mosquitoes presented host selection patterns and did not feed on hosts as expected by chance alone. The articles observe different species of mosquitoes in different environments. In addition, the way the relative host abundance was determined differed. Finally, this review is not systematic. Therefore, the translation of our results to different settings should be conducted cautiously.
Note: This paper reviewed many references on host selection by Culex but seemingly failed to extract any novel conclusions north discussed previously. An important aspect not discussed here was the significance of female Culex ‘hunting strategies’ and the utilization of flight paths dictated by landscape features which seemed to determine female-host contact. This concept was originally discussed by Bidlingmayer (Bidlingmayer and Hem 1981) and later investigated for Culex tarsalis (Lothrop and Reisen 2001; Meyer et al. 1989). Theoretically, if substantiated these flight paths could be targets for control, but operationally difficult to recognize and target effectively.
Reference List
Bidlingmayer, W. L., and D. G. Hem. 1981. Mosquito flight paths in relation to the environment. Effect of the forest edge upon trap catches in the field. Mosq. News 41: 55-59.
Lothrop, H. D., and W. K. Reisen. 2001. Landscape affects the host-seeking patterns of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Coachella Valley of California. J Med Entomol. 38: 325-332.
Meyer, R. P., W. K. Reisen, and M. M. Milby. 1989. The influence of vegetation on CO2 trap effectiveness. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vector Control Assoc. , 57: 80
Five Years of Surveillance for Tularemia Serovar B (Francisella tularensis holarctica) (Olsufjev) (Thiotrichales: Francisellaceae) Including Two Human Cases at an Endemic Site in San Mateo County, California
Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee
October 27, 2022
Tara M Roth, Arielle Crews, Angie Nakano
San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District
Journal of Medical Entomology 59: 1787–1792, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjac096
Author’s Abstract
Tularemia is a highly infectious, potentially fatal disease of humans and animals caused by the gram negative, intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis. The San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District conducted surveillance for F. tularensis from 2017 to 2021 in Dermacentor occidentalis (Marx) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), D. variabilis (Say) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard) (Ixodida: Ixodidae) ticks in coastal southwestern San Mateo County, California. A total of 3,021 D. occidentalis and 1,019 D. variabilis were collected. Of those, 25 positive pools of F. tularensis were detected (five ticks per pool, overall minimum infection prevalence: 0.62%). Twenty-two of the 25 positive pools (88%) contained D. occidentalis. Eighty-eight percent (88%) of all positive pools were collected from the western half of the site, nearest to the ocean. We did not detect a seasonal effect on the probability of detecting a positive tick pool. There were two human cases of tularemia during the summers of 2019 and 2021. We conducted rodent surveillance in June of 2019, before the human case report. Twenty-four small mammals were collected, but none of their sera tested positive for F. tularensis. It is clear that tularemia is endemic to this region of San Mateo County, but the extent of its range and its ecology is not currently well understood.
Note: It is useful for MVCAC districts to remember that there are other tick species that transmit other pathogens of public health concern. The above study was conducted along hiking trails within a coastal park.
Invasive day-biting mosquitoes discovered in Santa Clara Co.; officials detail potential dangers
From ABC7 News
October 25, 2022
SAN JOSE, Calif. (KGO) — A non-native pest new to Santa Clara County was recently detected at the San Jose and Milpitas border. Traps set by the county’s Vector Control District uncovered two invasive day-biting mosquitoes on Thursday.
Now, an effort is underway to find out whether there are more in the area, and to figure out where they’re coming from.
For the very first time, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have landed in Santa Clara County. The mosquitoes measure a quarter-inch in diameter with distinct black and white markings on their back and legs.
Aedes aegypti can transmit diseases like Chikungunya, Dengue, Yellow Fever and Zika. The county says none of these diseases are currently found in California.
Mosquitoes test positive for West Nile virus in Palo Alto and Los Altos
From the Mountain View Voice
October 19, 2022
Mosquitoes have tested positive for West Nile virus in a small area of Palo Alto and Los Altos, the Santa Clara County Vector Control District said on Wednesday.
The areas, which include ZIP codes 94304, 94306 and 94022 will be treated on Thursday starting at 10 p.m. to reduce adult mosquito populations, weather permitting. Truck-mounted equipment will apply the treatment over the area for approximately four hours.
A notice is being sent directly to the public in the treatment ZIP codes through AlertSCC and to those who subscribe to Nextdoor neighborhood networks. A general notice is being provided on various social media platforms — including Facebook, Instagram and Twitter — and to those subscribed to the district’s mosquito treatment notifications.
Zika virus-carrying mosquito species detected for first time in Sacramento County
From the Sacramento Bee
October 19, 2022
An invasive mosquito species has been newly detected in Sacramento County, local officials announced Wednesday, marking the second such species found in the area since 2019.
Aedes albopictus, commonly referred to as the Asian tiger mosquito, was recently located in the backyard of a Carmichael resident who reported being bitten, the Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District said in a news release.
Field technicians with the district then conducted door-to-door inspections at other homes in the same neighborhood and found additional mosquitoes and larvae, according to the release.
Are you a mosquito magnet? It could be your smell
From ABC10
October 18, 2022
NEW YORK — A new study finds that some people really are “mosquito magnets” and it probably has to do with the way they smell.
The researchers found that people who are most attractive to mosquitoes produce a lot of certain chemicals on their skin that are tied to smell. And bad news for mosquito magnets: The bloodsuckers stay loyal to their favorites over time.
“If you have high levels of this stuff on your skin, you’re going to be the one at the picnic getting all the bites,” said study author Leslie Vosshall, a neurobiologist at Rockefeller University in New York.
There’s a lot of folklore about who gets bitten more but many claims aren’t backed up with strong evidence, said Vosshall.
Invasive yellow fever mosquito species found in Manteca for first time
From CBS Sacramento
October 12, 2022
MANTECA — Eggs of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, commonly known as the “yellow fever” mosquito, have been discovered in Manteca for the first time.
The pesky bloodsucker continues to grow in population across San Joaquin County, first detected in West Stockton, Ripon, Escalon, and South Stockton.
They aren’t your average mosquito, and the San Joaquin district says you should call them right away if one bites you.
“This is a very fearless mosquito, and they are very aggressive biters,” said Omar Khweiss, General Manager for San Joaquin County Mosquito and Vector Control District.
West Nile virus detected in Petaluma for first time in 2022
From the Argus Courier
October 12, 2022
This year’s first detection of West Nile virus was found last week in Petaluma.
The Marin/Sonoma Mosquito and Vector Control District confirmed the finding after collecting a dead American Crow infected with the virus near South McDowell Boulevard and Casa Grande Road.
District staff will continue trapping, testing and monitoring the adult mosquitoes around the area where the positive dead bird was found. Vector control technicians are inspecting and keeping track of all sources of mosquito production and performing control operations as needed, according to the district.
“This positive dead bird is a reminder that West Nile virus is endemic to our region,” Nizza Sequeira, public information officer for the district, said in a news release.